Men and Women Differ Under Threat

Perhaps there’s more to this “fight or flight” thing than originally thought:

When we’re under immediate stress—say, we are about to give a speech or about to be mugged—we either fight or flee, or so scientists have long preached. But some psychologists are now suggesting that this scenario may apply mainly to males. Men get antisocial under pressure, but women tend to react in the opposite way: they “tend and befriend,” engaging in nurturing and social networking, perhaps as a way to protect their offspring, according to a theory proffered by neuroscientist Shelley Taylor of the University of California, Los Angeles. Here at the Cognitive Neuroscience Society 2010 annual meeting, psychologist Mara Mather of the University of Southern California presented powerful new support for Taylor’s hypothesis in the divergent ways that stressed men and women respond to faces.

So men withdraw and women bond? That would certainly explain many things I’ve experienced over the course of my life.

Full article at Scientific American.

Evolution and Depression

Scientific American takes a look at depression from a different perspective in asking if perhaps it’s the result of an evolutionary process that’s more helpful than harmful.

The authors posit that our brains play an important role in survival and reproduction, and therefore they should be resistant to high rates of malfunction. Most mental illness is rare, except for depression. Why is that?

One possible answer is that depression isn’t a disorder at all, but rather an adaptation that brings both costs and benefits.

Here’s an example:

So what could be so useful about depression? Depressed people often think intensely about their problems. These thoughts are called ruminations; they are persistent and depressed people have difficulty thinking about anything else. Numerous studies have also shown that this thinking style is often highly analytical. They dwell on a complex problem, breaking it down into smaller components, which are considered one at a time.

Without completing restating the entire article here, the main point being articulated is that depression is nature’s way of letting you know that you have some complex social problems to solve, and that your brain is actively engaged in seeking those solutions. And rather than attempting to stop depressive ruminations, therapists would be wise to encourage them in an attempt to find the answers to the problems causing the bouts of depression in the first place.

If you’ve suffered from depressive episodes, I’d like your thoughts on this concept. Does this ring true for you?

Link , via Scientific American

Take Responsibility for Your Happiness

In previous postings, I’ve alluded to The Art of Happiness, a tome of collaboration between the Dalai Lama and psychologist Howard C. Cutler, M.D.

The most revealing passage from the book was something Dr. Cutler noted – that in canvassing his colleagues in the psychiatry field, none had ever noted “being happy” as a therapy goal. That seemed telling to me, because once you move away from the tactical treatment of various conditions and issues, shouldn’t being happy be the ultimate goal?

So, if doctors and therapists aren’t putting happiness on your To-Do list, how do you get there? The short answer is to take responsibility for your own happiness. But that seems like a daunting task. How does one go about charting a course to happiness?

Urban Monk has an enlightening piece (pun intended) by guest blogger John J. Patton that examines this very topic. In a section titled A Light Unto Yourself, Patton lays out some very simple and easily managed rules of the road for taking charge of your own happiness. As in most things of a Buddha nature, everything revolves around being accountable and responsible on your own, instead of looking toward outside forces to provide what you are seeking.

Here are a couple that resonated with me:

I value my inner peace more than I do winning, defending my identity, proving my point, or reactively expressing momentary emotions.

I understand that my feelings are natural, and so make no apologies for them.

I make plans for the future, but remain open in order to respond to each moment directly.

I learn from the past, but do not allow it to interfere with the present.

Though I cannot always control my thoughts, I can control which ones I pursue and give energy.

Patton’s list is a must-read for anyone who is ready to take advantage of the massive power that lies within the self. If you haven’t added being happy to your list of goals and objectives, perhaps now is the perfect time. If so, Patton’s piece is an excellent way to kick off your journey.

A Light Unto Yourself / In Case of Emergency , via Urban Monk

Repressing Trauma Not Harmful?

Anxiety Insights has the details of a Geisinger Health Center study that suggests certain people exposed to traumatic events may not suffer harm when they repress memories of those events.

“Going back to the days of Sigmund Freud, psychiatrists and mental health experts have suggested that repression of traumatic memories could lead to health problems,” Dr Boscarino said. “Yet we have found little evidence that repression had an adverse health impact on combat veterans exposed to psychological trauma many years later.”

One thing that leaps out in the article is the view that the use of exposure therapy – where people are asked to relive painful or traumatic events – may actually serve to trigger PTSD symptoms and psychological distress in those who had otherwise been doing just fine, thank you very much.

“While the dominant therapy model for PTSD should not be abandoned at this point, emerging research suggests that it might need to be seriously re-evaluated, at least for some PTSD patients,” Dr Boscarino said. “More research is clearly needed.”

Repressing traumatic memories may not be harmful to some , via Anxiety Insights

Living a Happy, Anxious Life

Paul, over at AnxietyGuru, asks the question, “Can You Live A Happy Anxious Life?”

It’s an interesting question, and I had to sit down for awhile and think about what my answer would be.

Paul posits:

Relative happiness is the kind you get when you buy something, say shoes or a motorcycle or whatever. It is temporary and subject to the whims of external change. Whereas inner happiness is yours no matter what, like all those fabulous bits of information you learned in school that you can’t use anywhere else, but yours they are.

I’m talking about inner peace and happiness. Now, admittedly you can be a Buddhist monk and never get there, but you can if you try. The fact that you can try should be, I hope, a signal that you can do more to be happy than you’re doing right now.

Dictionary.com has the following entry under happy:

1.         delighted, pleased, or glad, as over a particular thing: to be happy to see a person.

2.         characterized by or indicative of pleasure, contentment, or joy: a happy mood; a happy frame of mind.

3.         favored by fortune; fortunate or lucky: a happy, fruitful land.

4.         apt or felicitous, as actions, utterances, or ideas.

5.         obsessed by or quick to use the item indicated (usually used in combination): a trigger-happy gangster. Everybody is gadget-happy these days.

Anxiety, by the very nature of its presence, makes it difficult to achieve #3, since we anxious folk are generally skeptical of fortune or luck. But if we use #2 as our guiding light, which is what I think Paul was doing, then the answer is a resounding yes.

One of the very best things I learned in my treatment was to acknowledge and embrace the reality that things happen that are out of my control, and all of those years of pre-planning and proactive worrying didn’t change that a bit. It certainly gave me the illusion that nothing would go wrong, or if it did, I would be able to rapidly respond to the crisis. But it burned up energy and time for no good reason.

The downside of that – well, there were scores of downsides, but this is one of them – was that I was never in the moment during those times, because my mind and my emotions were perpetually skewed toward scanning the horizon for the next bad thing.

Once I began to let myself be present in the moment and feel the emotion that was appropriate for that snapshot in time, it became much easier to feel happy in an enjoyable way, not in the “if I let myself feel joy or peace, it will be crushing when it ends, because it always does” manner of my high anxiety years.

So when I stop to think about the things that make me happy, it’s much easier now to have clarity around what that means. I find great joy in time spent with my family, and I now allow this sense of calm, contentment, and happiness to wash over me like a waterfall, soaking me for as long as possible. Will this moment end, and will I eventually dry off again? Of course. But for that moment, that hour, that day, I’m drenched and soggy, which feels so much better than before.

I would call out these instances, these events, as reminders of my happiness, not happiness itself. I’m not engaged in some zero-sum game anymore, where I need to track and measure my level of joy, peace, and tranquility. I’m just me, a pretty happy guy, who often gets reminded of my happiness by people, places, and things. Other times, things don’t go as well, and rather than dwell on that, I seek out those very same people, places, and things that I know will keep me going until the dark cloud of anxiety passes over me.

Napping and Anxiety

There’s an old saying that “if you snooze, you lose.” When it comes to anxiety and depression, that might not necessarily be true.

A study conducted on children between the ages of 4-5 (what, 4 1/4, 4 7/8 – that’s how kids count it) found that kids who stopped daytime napping between these ages had parent-reported higher incidence of anxiety, depression, and hyperactivity than kids who continued to take happy naps.

Reported during SLEEP 2009, an annual meeting of sleep professionals (sure wish I qualified for that), the results shed some new light on the benefits of daytime napping. The connection between poor sleep patterns and anxiety or depression are well-documented, but many believed that children could make up for the lack of daytime napping via nighttime sleep.

The quoted study demonstrated the potential for napping to be significantly more beneficial to children’s daytime functioning compared to nighttime sleep only. Any parent can provide anecdotal evidence that kids who nap tend to be less moody and more easily entertained than children who don’t nap.

Not mentioned in the article was any connection or bias on the part of parents whose children stay awake all day. If the study relied on parental reporting of the child’s anxiety or depression, I could easily see a situation where a parents’ own emotional state could impact on the reporting, as parents of kids who don’t nap can be every bit as frazzled as the children.

The article further points out that there’s still no data to suggest an optimal age to stop napping. I’d like to recommend that we never stop napping. In fact, if I had a cot in my office, and support from management, I’d nap every day. But that’s just me.

Napping, hyperactivity, anxiety and depression linked in preschoolers, via Anxiety Insights

Internet Psychotherapy Proving Effective

You know, there might just be one good thing that comes out of Internet webcams after all!

Anxiety Insights links to an Australian study that demonstrates online therapy can be just as effective as face-to-face sessions. What’s interesting is that patients only required an average of 111 minutes of clinician contact over an eight-week period, which is far less than most patients spend in office therapy sessions over the same timeframe.

The online program centers around treatment for depression, and 34% of patients felt they were no longer depressed after the two-month program, while 82% reported being either very or mostly satisfied with the treatment regimen at completion.

This bodes well for those who avoid seeking treatment due to social stigma, transportation, and provider availability issues, and since most of the program involves email contact and homework lessons, high-speed Internet connectivity isn’t a requirement – sorry to disappoint you webcam fiends.

Technology is opening new treatment vectors all the time, and the online experience can help with one of the sticky aspects of conditions like depression, which is the tendency to withdraw and avoid contact. Online therapy is a good middle step between no treatment and office visits.

On-line psychotherapy as effective as face-to-face therapy, via Anxiety Insights

No Holding Back the Tears

Wednesday night was “graduation” night at my son’s Montessori school, where parents, grandparents, friends, and family pack into the gym and celebrate educational milestones such as moving from kindergarten to lower elementary, lower elementary to upper, becoming big-kids-on-campus by heading to middle school, and finally, the 8th graders departing as they head out for their high school experience.

It’s nice that they celebrate important transitions such as these, and it really builds a sense of community and continuity. The mere fact that an eight year old wants to go sit in the gym for an hour for this demonstrates how much the kids benefit from the event.

Nature-nurture debate continues

It’s long been held that for folks suffering from emotional and behavioral conditions such as panic, anxiety, OCD, and so on, the genesis of their disorder could be traced to heredity, or via shaping by their environment, or both. Certain people were deemed to be more genetically vulnerable than others.

Anxiety Insights reports that new studies in the area of gene-by-environment interaction (GXE) surrounding the so-called “genetic vulnerability to adversity” is causing scientists to take another look.

The new thinking is that those with the “vulnerability” gene are not only more likely to be adversely impacted by negative experiences, but also more prone to benefit from positive environments, and they are noted as being more “malleable or plastic”, not just vulnerable.

Long story short – it’s not just vulnerability, it’s that these kinds of folks are more affected by all environmental conditions, both negative and positive.

“Our analysis of many published findings suggests that one potential solution to the nature-nurture controversy is to appreciate the role played by environmental experience and the role played by heredity in shaping who we are may actually differ across people,” said Prof Belsky.

Is it just me, or does it seem like this concept isn’t really breaking any new ground?

If there is a breakthrough here, it would be using this information to expand genetic research and gnome mapping to be able to someday identify the specific hereditary factors at work, which would allow a more tailored therapy approach based on the unique DNA of each individual.

From the article: “This could mirror the trend we are now seeing towards personalized medicine, where an understanding of the genetic make-up of an individual determines the type of drugs used to treat the patient based on their DNA,” said Prof Belsky.

Reframing the Nature-Nurture Debate , via Anxiety Insights

Using Weather to Teach a Child About Fear

My eight year old son – we’ll call him Sam – has inherited his Dad’s fascination with weather.

From his earliest days, when he could barely hold his head aloft, he would swivel in the direction of the magical TV box whenever the weather radar would come on the screen, or if he heard the computer-generated voice that gave the NOAA forecast superimposed over the map on our local weather channel.

Living in central Ohio, severe weather in the form of terrible thunderstorms and tornado watches is common. The combination of flat, open spaces and cold fronts often churns up the atmosphere, which means the local weathermeisters frequently interrupt regularly scheduled programming to jam their Super Nexrad Doppleganger Accu-Panic 4000 in our faces as they chart the speed and direction of the forthcoming swath of probable doom.

For Sam, there’s really only two things he knows about a tornado. First, they destroy homes and kill people, as evidenced by the video played and replayed ad nauseum on said TV box. Secondly, they are talking about tornado watches or warnings where he lives. Fear and panic set in, and Sam believes a tornado is heading through our subdivision, as the sky is dark and the wind is blowing where he is.

It’s senseless to explain to a pre-teen that the odds of dying in a tornado are roughly 1-60,000, or that he stands a much better chance of death by falling down (1-246) or via an air travel accident (1-20,000). That’s the thinking brain approach, and he’s not responding intellectually. His reaction is an emotional one, generated by the feeling brain. And he’s not alone. The vast majority of adults have exactly the same reaction. Even though the odds of dying of heart disease are 1-5, we still eat butter, cheeseburgers, and chips. There’s little trepidation about hopping in the car even though statistics tell us there’s a 1-100 chance of dying in a crash.

We watch news reports of horrific storms and stare at video of the carnage, and listen to sobbing testimonials from families surveying their destroyed homes, or townsfolk eulogizing the lost.  That personalizes the event in our minds and keeps it in the forefront of our memory. It’s difficult for us to recall the hundreds of tornado events each year that don’t cause death or serious injury, but our mind can quickly flash on examples of video and still photos taken from news reports and print media that document the worst scenarios. So when “tornado” hits our conscious mind, viola! Terrible event, death and destruction, risk alarm clangs loudly, fight or flight kicks in.

Between 1976 and 2000, the mean number of yearly tornado fatalities was 54. From 1912 to 1936, the mean number was 260, almost 5 times as many. So the risk has decreased substantially. But you wouldn’t know that because modern communications keeps the 54 foremost in our minds.

So how do you teach a child to not be afraid of a tornado?

I do it by telling him that in my 48 years on this planet, I have never seen a tornado, smelled a tornado, or lived anywhere that a tornado hit. He can connect with that – and there’s trust and credibility built in that no amount of statistical information can approximate. We also talk about what to do if one does happen to head our way. We know exactly where in the house we’re going to go and what we’re going to do, so he feels empowered in his situation. It’s no longer abstract – more than 17,000 days have passed without Dad experiencing a tornado, so it must be pretty darned unusual.

Then we eat healthy foods (mostly), always wear our seat belts, and change the batteries in our smoke detectors. Because I don’t want Sam to be fearful like me. I want him to live his life by paying attention to the important things while being somewhat resistant to the fear culture that’s developed.

Who knows. He might even grow up to be a storm chaser.